This guide provides step-by-step instructions for dual booting GalliumOS and Chrome OS on your Toshiba Chromebook 2 device. I’m not responsible for any damage that these instructions might cause to your machine. They worked for me but please proceed to use them at your own risk.

As I mentioned in my previous article, I bought a Chromebook with the intention of using it as a portable machine for web development, writing, and general productivity on the go.

Chrome OS is quite limited so, in practice, my goal requires installing a version of Linux on the Chromebook. And since I don’t dislike Chrome OS for Netflix and casual browsing, I decided to dual-boot GalliumOS and Chrome OS on my Toshiba Chromebook 2 (model CB35-C3300 specifically).

Below, I’ll give you step by step instructions on how to accomplish that.

Create recovery media and back up your Chromebook

Before even thinking of touching your Chromebook, I recommend creating recovery media via a USB stick. You can do so by following Google’s instructions here.

Note that recovering your Chromebook will only bring it back to its original conditions, as it came to you from the manufacturer.

So if you’ve been using your Chromebook already and have data or customizations that are not synced in the cloud, make sure you backup your Chromebook before proceeding.

Choose a firmware

Toshiba Chromebook 2 models from 2015 use a Broadwell microarchitecture which means that it is recommended that you upgrade their firmware prior to installing GalliumOS.

You have two main choices for upgrading/flashing your firmware. John Lewis’ rom or Mr. Chromebox’s utility script.

Both will work, however, there is an important distinction that led me to use Mr. Chromebox’s script.

John Lewis’ script assumes that you’ll be dual-booting Linux from USB or an SD card. If no such stick or card is present, the system will default to booting from the internal hard drive.

This is all fine and dandy until you have GalliumOS installed on the internal disk and happen to have an SD card or low profile USB stick attached to your Chromebook for extra storage.

In such instances, what happens is that the BIOS (i.e., SeaBIOS) will try to boot from the external storage, won’t find the operating system, and fail to boot (typically remaining stuck on Booting from Hard Disk…) until you eject the card and reboot.

This happened to me, as I wanted GalliumOS installed on the internal disk while leveraging a 64 GB card for extra data storage. Mr. Chromebox’s firmware worked out of the box for this layout.

Unlike John Lewis’ script, Mr. Chromebox’s script also asked me if I wanted to set my default boot device to USB, so it’s worth noting that it does support the other approach as well.

Long story short, provided your Chromebook is supported, use Mr. Chromebox’s script.

Flash your firmware

OK, assuming you are going with Mr. Chromebox, here are the steps:

1. Hold ESC and F3 (the refresh symbol key) at the same time, then press the power button.
2. You’ll get a scary warning that Chrome OS is missing or damaged. Don’t worry about it. Press CTRL +D. Then when prompted, press the enter key.
3. Your laptop will reboot a few times and make some warning sounds here and there as it does so. This is all part of the process. Let it do its thing.
4. When step 3 has concluded, you’ll be booted into a brand new Chrome OS installation in developer mode. Enter your WiFi password and sign in.
5. Press CTRL+ALT+T to open a crosh session in your browser. Then type shell and hit enter there.
6. Download and execute Mr. Chromebox’s utility by running: cd; curl -L -O https://mrchromebox.tech/firmware-util.sh && sudo bash firmware-util.sh
7. Amongst the available options, for the Toshiba Chromebook 2 2015 pick option 1 (RW_LEGACY) and answer N (so no) to the question about installing on USB, unless you want to boot from a USB stick or SD card.
8. Follow the prompts until you receive a message about the successful completion of the firmware upgrade.

Install GalliumOS with chrx

chrx is a script that will download and install GalliumOS for you. It can even be used to install other Linux distros, but I suggest you stick to the highly optimized GalliumOS.

Once you’re done with the firmware upgrade described above, you can install and run chrx by entering following command in the shell:

curl -O https://chrx.org/go && sh go

Follow the prompts. At some point, you’ll be asked to provide a size for GalliumOS’ partition. The default, 9 GB, is sensible if you plan to keep Chrome OS.

Two reboots will happen and you’ll find yourself in a brand new Chrome OS installation again. Only this time, not only will you be in developer mode, but you’ll also have a partition ready for GalliumOS.

You know the drill by now:

1. Connect to the WiFi
2. Login with Google
3. Press CTRL+ALT+T to open crosh in a tab
4. Type shell and hit enter

Now we can finally use chrx to install GalliumOS. By default it creates a chrx user for you, which is not ideal, so specify the username (and hostname for good measure). I used:

cd; curl -O https://chrx.org/go && sh go -U tony -H cb

Change tony to your username, and cb to whatever you want your box to be called.

If curl fails with a (23) Failed writing body error, you are likely running the command in the root filesystem / rather than the home directory ~, which means that you don’t have writing permission. cd, as per the command above, before you curl.

Go along with the prompt and any confirmation requests.

Once your machine reboots, you’ll see a developer mode warning screen at boot and you can now use:

• CTRL + D to log into Chrome OS
• CTRL + L to log into GalliumOS

(D for default, L for Legacy Boot Mode, but it might be easier to remember L for Linux.)

It’s annoying that the developer warning screen exists, but to remove it you’ll need to perform some hardware surgery, so I have not bothered with it for now.

At boot, do not press the spacebar, or you’ll be kicked out of developer mode, and you’ll have to redo the process of getting back in developer mode.

This matters more so if you leave your Chromebook unattended or if you let your kids or a non-technical oriented person also use your laptop.

Conclusion

In this article, we saw how you can run GalliumOS (a lightweight Ubuntu distro) and Chrome OS on a Toshiba Chromebook 2 (2015).

We first created recovery media and backed up the machine, next we upgraded the firmware, then leveraging chrx we installed GalliumOS.

Finally, using CTRL+D and CTRL+L, we choose which of the two operating systems we want to boot when we start our Chromebook.

My first impression of the Toshiba and the dual boot setup are mostly positive.

Provided you are a developer or someone who is technically minded, I definitely recommend this setup for a portable development machine on the cheap.

The post Dual Booting GalliumOS and Chrome OS on a Toshiba Chromebook 2 appeared first on Programming Zen.

I almost bought a Lenovo

After mulling it over, and taking into account the feedback I received, I was quite positive I’d be buying a Lenovo X1 Carbon.

And then I saw it: an HP Spectre ultrabook that was available at Costco. Gorgeous laptop. Brilliant screen, great keyboard, good specs, premium price, but not exorbitant. It is also lightweight and slim. HP markets it as the thinnest 13″ ultrabook in the world.

I don’t care too much about thinness (self-deprecating joke not intended), but boy, that laptop is sharp looking. So I bought one with the intention of dual booting Linux on it.

Time to install Linux

I brought my HP Spectre home, did the unboxing and was very impressed by the luxurious presentation, as well as the laptop itself.

It was a beautiful, fast machine and I was one happy camper. For a little while at least…

Failing to install Linux on the HP Spectre

Some people, including Leo Laporte, mentioned that they couldn’t get Linux to run on this laptop. However, one or two others claimed to have had success with it.
I bought the laptop on the off chance that those folks were right. However, that approach didn’t pan out too well for me.

The HP Spectre ships with 3 USB-C ports. One used for the charger, the others as USB or Thunderbolt ports. It includes two adapters, USB-C to Ethernet and USB-C to USB 3.0, respectively.

I placed Ubuntu on a USB key (with UNetbootin) that was connected to their USB-C to USB 3.0 adapter and proceeded to boot the live version of Ubuntu 16.04. Doing so failed.

Pressing F10 gets you into the BIOS, from which I tried disabling secure boot and enabling legacy USB support. No luck. (I must remark that the BIOS options were quite limited compared to those of many laptops.)

Researching the error, I was able to determine that the issue was related to booting from a USB 3.0 device. So I tried a USB 2.0 key. Nothing. Tried to boot from an external DVD drive. Same error.

OK, let’s try something with a more recent kernel? No dice. Fedora 24? Nope.

Installing Linux like it’s 1999

Further investigation led me to find a boot parameter that would allow the live installation to start. Pressing e with the “Try live” GRUB2 line selected enabled me to add acpi=off pci=noacpi to the boot command.

This started the live session, though once it was booted there were serious issues that were probably brought on by disabling ACPI. Truth be told it was 4 am at that point, so I don’t even remember what were the specific issues, but the gist of it was that the laptop was not usable at all with Linux.

It really reminded me of all-nighters I used to do installing Linux and recompiling kernels back in the late 1990s. In all fairness, today’s Linux is fantastic and a big component at play here is how new this laptop is.

I restored the laptop to its original configuration and returned it to Costco. They offer 90 day, almost no question asked, returns on electronics so I was able to promptly get a full refund without any hassle.

I felt a touch sad returning the little guy and even considered running Linux in a VM from Windows. Or perhaps even relying on the upcoming Bash within Windows. I know, I know… but that’s how much I liked it.

I almost bought a Lenovo, for the second time

With the HP Spectre out of the picture, the Lenovo X1 Carbon was tempting me again. I considered the Dell XPS 13, but the, quite honestly, stupid placement of the webcam at the bottom left side was very off putting. I also find the Lenovo keyboard to be superior to that of the Dell.

Okay, time to decide between Lenovo X1 Carbon vs X1 Yoga. The Yoga version is essentially the touch screen 2-in–1 version of the Carbon. It weighs a little more, it costs a few hundred more, and it lasts (battery wise) a little less.

I’m not huge on touch screens for laptops, so my decision was easy enough. Time to order a Lenovo X1 Carbon. Along with the MacBook Pro, I consider the Lenovo X1 Carbon to be the gold standard of developer ultrabooks.

Taking advantage of employee pricing I was able to spec out the Lenovo X1 Carbon I wanted for something like $2,300 (Canadian).

Now, that is, I fully admit, a lot of dough for a laptop. However, when you stop and consider the fact that laptops are what enable me to make a living, they end up being a very small professional investment (we are quite fortunate actually, compared to quite a few other professionals whose tools cost them tens of thousands of dollars).

I was this close to pulling the trigger on the order, but then the Lenovo site decided to malfunction. It did so multiple times, 404ing on me each and every time. I didn’t take it as a sign because I doubt that the Universe is all that concerned about my laptop choices, but it gave me enough time to reflect on my purchase.

Comparing Apples to Lenovos

I realized that, yes, I needed a portable laptop now, but I was about to spend a considerable amount of cash on a laptop without knowing what Apple would have to offer next soon enough.

Would I still buy a Lenovo X1 Carbon if a newly released MacBook Air 13″ with retina display was available today? Maybe, or maybe not.

I’ll be honest. Unless Apple screws it up, they probably have the edge, since I could triple-boot MacOS Sierra, Ubuntu, and Windows 10 on the same machine. But either way, it would be nice to make that call when the two laptops actually exist and can be compared in terms of ergonomics, price, and specs.

Apple is likely to release such a retina MacBook Air 13″ in September or October. Possibly a bit later in the year, though not likely further than the end of 2016.

A Laptop to hold me over

I began toying with the idea of acquiring a laptop to hold me over until the new Macs are out and I can make an informed decision on which laptop I want to pair to my existing MacBook Pro 15″ (which I use as a desktop).

A key consideration for such a laptop would be cost. It has to be cheap so that my purchase decision of the laptop I really want in the fall or winter won’t be impacted by the expense that I make now.

Old Laptops vs Chromebooks vs Cheap Windows Laptops

The three main categories of inexpensive laptops that can run Linux are:

• Old laptops (either older models, refurbished, or used);
• Chromebooks;
• Cheap Windows Laptops (the few compatible ones).

Old laptops and cheapo Windows laptops tend to be more powerful than Chromebooks and, provided they are compatible with Linux, more straightforward to set-up as Linux laptops for development (Chromebooks require extra steps to dual boot.)

However, Chromebooks tend to have the edge when it comes to portability, weight, looks, and battery life.

Chromebooks are also interesting because of the upcoming ability (in the fall, though it’s possible to try it now) to run Android apps.

So I shifted my research instead to Chromebooks.

I almost bought a Lenovo, yet again

Fine, this is getting ridiculous, I know. While researching Chromebooks I came across a smoking deal on New Egg. A Lenovo T430 with docking station for $299 Canadian.

Much like Jesus, I was tempted a third time. Only, by Lenovo.

I think that the T430 above would have made for a great Linux laptop. However, you can essentially anchor a boat with that baby.

When you consider the lack of battery life, the old school TFT panel, the chunky charger, its size, etc, I quickly started to see the value that a Chromebook can add.

And I look forward to the Android app element as well.

Choosing a Chromebook for Linux

Alright, time to pick a Chromebook. I considered several models, but the ones that stood out for me where the Toshiba Chromebook 2, Dell Chromebook 11, and Acer R11.

I’ll cut an already long story short, and tell you that I ordered a Toshiba Chromebook 2. It’s almost universally well reviewed and most people consider it to be the best Chromebook for the money (unless you are willing to shell out more for a Dell Chromebook 13 or significantly more for a Google Pixel).

Great all around and the IPS Full HD display is particularly outstanding in its category.

Full disclosure here: I ordered it from the States. It’s going to take a week before it arrives, so what I write below is my plan rather than what I’ve actually already done.

If you are in the same boat, that wasn’t sunk by the T430 above, you should try to stick to:

• Intel-based Chromebooks for maximum application-level compatibility in Linux;
• Recent Celeron or i3/i5 processors;
• 4 GB of RAM, because those Chrome tabs aren’t going to remember themselves;
• SD card slots to easily and cheaply expand storage;
• Decent, ideally IPS, panel so that you can be comfortable while staring at the screen for long sessions at the time;
• Relatively inexpensive (or you might as well buy an ultrabook). The $200-$400 range is reasonable.

For me, the Toshiba Chromebook 2 ($299 USD) checked off all of those boxes. And I like that its hard drive is upgradable. It doesn’t hurt either that it takes 42 mm M.2 SSDs, which are quite cheap. If I like this laptop a lot, I’ll definitely upgrade its disk.

Chromebook as a Linux laptop for development

There are several ways to run Linux on a Chromebook for development purposes:

1. Simply use the preinstalled Chrome OS (which is a restricted Linux) and leverage cloud-based development environments such as Cloud9 and Nitrous. And if you are a data scientist, use my team’s Data Scientist Workbench.
2. Install Linux via Crouton. This chroot-based approach leverages the existing OS and allows you to cycle through a full-blown graphical Linux environment (e.g., Ubuntu with Xfce) and Chrome OS with Ctrl+Alt+Shift+Back and Ctrl+Alt+Shift+Forward.
3. Do #2 + xiwi which allows you to run Linux apps in a Chrome OS window. Read the fine print, however, as performance can be a concern.
4. Dual boot a lightweight Linux distro such as GalliumOS. In many cases, you’ll have to replace the firmware with a custom version in order to bypass Chrome OS restrictions. Check the hardware compatibility list to ensure your Chromebook is supported.
5. Do the same as #4, but simply get rid of Chrome OS.

I like the dual-boot approach the best. If that fails to realize for some reason, I’ll fall back on the less secure Crouton approach.

Either way, it’s worth keeping Chrome OS for things like Netflix.

Reasonable Expectations

I think I’m going to enjoy the little laptop that’s currently on its way to my doorstep. I have reasonable expectations, so I doubt I’ll be disappointed.

Obviously, a Chromebook (Pixel excluded) is not going to run heavy IDEs or multiple VMs, and I don’t plan to use it for those sorts of purposes.

Still, there is plenty of development (especially web development) to be had on a lightweight Linux laptop like the one I just ordered.

Will I get a MacBook Air in the fall?

I may still buy that MacBook Air in the fall (or whenever the laptop becomes available). Though, there’s a chance that I might buy that Lenovo X1 Carbon after all, at that point in time.

Depending on how much I like the Toshiba Chromebook 2, I may keep it or sell it and recoup some money from it when I buy my portable development gig in a few months.

Maybe, just maybe, I might even just stick to the Chromebook plus the MacBook Pro 15 that I already have (certainly the most budget-friendly approach). I’ll share my decision and experiences developing with a Chromebook, in future posts.

If you have experience developing with a Chromebook, please feel free to share below.

The post And That’s How I Ended up Developing with a Chromebook appeared first on Programming Zen.